Linear Mixed Model (LMM) is a common statistical approach to model the relation between exposure and outcome while capturing individual variability through random effects. However, this model assumes the homogeneity of the error term's variance. …
Background and aim. Mendelian Randomization (MR) is a widely used tool to estimate causal effects using genetic variants as instrumental variables. MR is limited to cross-sectional summary statistics of different samples and time points to analyse …
The gender disparity in school grades, known as the grade gender gap, has become a focal point for researchers, educators, and policymakers. Despite this heightened interest, there remains a scarcity of longitudinal studies addressing this issue. …
Looking beyond the mean: what within-person variability can tell us about dementia, cardiovascular disease and cystic fibrosis